To settle but not convert hukou among rural migrants in urban China: How does family-level eligibility for citizenship benefits matter?

《To settle but not convert hukou among rural migrants in urban China: How does family-level eligibility for citizenship benefits matter?》

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作者: Jing Zhou;Liyue Lin;Shuangshuang Tang;Shuhai Zhang

来源: HABITAT INTERNATIONAL,Vol.120,P.102511

语言: 英文

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作者单位: School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China;Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China;School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China;School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China;School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China;Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China;School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China;School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China;MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China;School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China;Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China;Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, 999077, Hong Kong, China;College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China;College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China;School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China;School of Geographical & Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, G128QQ, United Kingdom;Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China;The Hirayama Ikuo Volunteer Center, Waseda University, Japan;Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Waseda University, Japan;Department of Sociology, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Teikyo University, Japan;Dr Daniel Ibrahim Dabara School of the Built Environment, Real Estate Programme, Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom;Department of Estate Management, Federal Polytechnic Ede, Osun State, Nigeria;School of Architecture and Design, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China;School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China;School of Public Administration, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China;Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China;School of Public Affairs, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China;School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China;School of Geography, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom;Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China;School of Geographical Sciences, The University of Nottingham Ningbo, Ningbo, 315100, China;School of Public Administration, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China;Department of Architecture and Built Environment, The University of Nottingham Ningbo, Ningbo, 315100, China;School of Public Administration, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China;School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China

摘要: Since 2010, although Chinese governments have continued to relax hukou barriers and reduce the gap between rural and urban hukou, migrants are less enthusiastic than expected in taking the opportunity to convert to urban-hukou. However, understandings of such reversed attitudes have been insufficient, especially from an international perspective. This study thus brings theories of naturalisation and citizenship to examining hukou conversion. Using the China Migrants Dynamic Survey of 2017 (the only year that also investigated migrant families with local-hukou spouses), the study applies cross-classified multi-level logistic regressions to estimate how eligibility for exclusive benefits of urban citizenship at the family level affects rural-to-urban migrants' decisions on hukou conversion. Unlike previous research, this study examines explicitly rural-to-urban migrants who planned to settle in destination cities, which helps to extend understanding of the gap between the de facto settlement and the institutional settlement (hukou conversion) among Chinese migrants. Moreover, the study fills the knowledge gap regarding the impact of family-level citizenship dynamics on hukou conversion decisions. Unlike in the international context where naturalised citizens and homeownership at the family-level promote naturalisation of other family members, we find that the family holding of local urban-hukou and ownership of formal housing suppress hukou conversion of migrant spouses, especially in less attractive cities and for migrants who feel either insecure in the job market or economically independent. The study argues that homeownership and having a local urban-hukou family member, both of which promote family-level access to local exclusive urban citizenship benefits, have a ‘protection effect’ which enables rural-to-urban migrant families to maximise their opportunities in rural hometowns and host cities without sacrificing rural citizen rights in exchange for urban-hukou. We predict an increasing emergence of such a family context and discuss the motivations of the Chinese state in these current policies concerning hukou conversion.