Spatio-temporal patterns of domestic water distribution, consumption and sufficiency: Neighbourhood inequalities in Nairobi, Kenya

《Spatio-temporal patterns of domestic water distribution, consumption and sufficiency: Neighbourhood inequalities in Nairobi, Kenya》

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作者: Nyamai Mutono;Jim Wright;Henry Mutembei;S.M. Thumbi

来源: HABITAT INTERNATIONAL,Vol.119,P.102476

语言: 英文

关键字: Water distribution;Water sufficiency;Water inequality;Urban water consumption;Sustainable development

作者单位: Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies, University of Nairobi, Upper Kabete, Kapenguria Road, P.O Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya;Washington State University Global Health Program, P.0 Box 72938-00200, Nairobi, Kenya;Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Kenyatta National Hospital Campus, P.O Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya;School of Geography and Environment Science, University of Southampton, Shackleton Building 44, Highfield Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK;Department of Clinical Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya;Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH93FL, UK;Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, P.O Box 647090-99164, Pullman, USA;Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies, University of Nairobi, Upper Kabete, Kapenguria Road, P.O Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya;Washington State University Global Health Program, P.0 Box 72938-00200, Nairobi, Kenya;Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Kenyatta National Hospital Campus, P.O Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya;School of Geography and Environment Science, University of Southampton, Shackleton Building 44, Highfield Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK;Department of Clinical Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya;Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH93FL, UK;Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, P.O Box 647090-99164, Pullman, USA

摘要: Whilst there are longstanding and well-established inequalities in safe-drinking water-access between urban and rural areas, there remain few studies of changing intra-urban inequalities over time. In this study, we determined the spatio-temporal patterns of domestic piped water distribution in Nairobi, Kenya between 1985 and 2018, and the implications of socio-economic and neighbourhood inequalities in water sufficiency. Using data from the Nairobi water and sewerage utility company for the period 2008–2018, we examined the sufficiency of monthly domestic water consumption per capita for 2380 itineraries (areas with an average population of 700) in relation to a residential neighbourhood classification, population and neighbourhood age and also examined water rationing patterns by neighbourhood type. Water sufficiency differed by residential areas, age of neighbourhood and population per itinerary. Compared to residents of low-income areas, those in high- and middle-income areas were six and four times more likely to receive the recommended 1500 L per capita per month respectively. Newer neighbourhoods and less densely populated areas were more likely to receive higher volumes of water. Non-revenue water loss accounted for 29% (average 3.5 billion litres per month) of water distributed across Nairobi, and was more than two times the amount of water needed for all residents to access the recommended monthly per capita water consumption. The observed spatial inequality in distribution, and access to piped water associated with socio-economic status and neighbourhood age highlights the need for deliberate planning and governance to improve water distribution to match the speed of growth of low/middle- and low-income residential areas and enhance equity.