Disentangling the effects of urban form and socio-demographic context on street tree cover: A multi-level analysis from Montreal

《Disentangling the effects of urban form and socio-demographic context on street tree cover: A multi-level analysis from Montreal》

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来源: LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING,Vol.157,P.422-433

语言: 英文

关键字: Street trees; Street characteristics; Socio-economic status; Lifestyle; Multi-level and mixed models; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; CANOPY COVER; VEGETATION; BENEFITS; CITIES; CANADA; VALUES; GREEN; ECOSYSTEMS; HOUSEHOLDS

作者单位: [Thi-Thanh-Hien Pham] Univ Quebec Montreal, Dept Etudes Urbaines & Tourist, 315 Rue St Catherine Est, Montreal, PQ H2X 3X2, Canada. [Apparicio, Philippe] Inst Natl Rech sci, Ctr Urbanisat Culture Soc, 385 Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, PQ H2X 1E3, Canada. [Landry, Shawn] Univ S Florida, Sch Geosci, 4202 East Fowler Ave,NES107, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. [Lewnard, Joseph] Yale Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol Microbial Dis, 60 Coll St POB 208034, New Haven, CT USA. Pham, TTH (reprint author), Univ Quebec Montreal, Dept Etudes Urbaines & Tourist, 315 Rue St Catherine Est, Montreal, PQ H2X 3X2, Canada. E-Mail: pham.thi_thanh_hien@uqam.ca; philippe.apparicio@ucs.inrs.ca; landry@usf.edu; joseph.lewnard@yale.edu

摘要: Street trees provide a wide range of benefits for cities. Street tree cover (STC) is explained by urban form, social stratification and lifestyle theories that operate at multiple scales. In this paper we examine how the urban form (street characteristics), social stratification and lifestyle (socio-demographics) account for variations of STC in 'Montreal. Tree cover was identified from Quickbird images and then overlaid on street segments to compute the STC. Each street segment was nested in a census tract. We used 2-level models with mixed effects and interactions (between street attributes and socio-demographic variables) while introducing a spatial term. Political, socio-economic or other explanatory factors operating at the tract level can potentially explain 17.6% of the variation of STC. Overall, the street characteristics explained more variation in STC than the socio-demographic context. Lifestyle is less important than social stratification. Street length is positively associated with STC; street width and the percentage of duplexes and triplexes are negatively associated with STC, while construction age has a u-shaped effect on STC. Interactions show that STC is higher in expensive and highly-educated areas that have residential streets or streets with large setback (sidewalk). Areas predominantly comprised of low-income households could have higher or lower STC depending on the number of buildings and the percentage of duplexes and triplexes. Streetscape and socio-demographic contexts intertwine to create complex patterns of STC. Greening programs should be designed carefully according to local contexts since certain types of greening can lead to gentrification and displacement of low-income households. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.