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作者

来源

URBAN GEOGRAPHY,Vol.39,Issue1,P.149-166

语言

英文

关键字

Majority-minority cities; municipal incorporation; newly incorporated municipalities (NIMs); Black; Hispanic; race; LOS-ANGELES; ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUITY; SOUTHERN CITIES; NORTH-CAROLINA; CITY FORMATION; RACE; CALIFORNIA; MODEL; REGIONALISM; ANNEXATION

作者单位

[Smith, Russell M.] Winston Salem State Univ, Depn Hist Polit & Social Justice, Winston Salem, NC USA. [Waldner, Leora] Troy Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Atlanta Site, Atlanta, GA 30338 USA. Waldner, L (reprint author), Troy Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Atlanta Site, Atlanta, GA 30338 USA. E-Mail: lwaldner@troy.edu

摘要

Forty-four majority-minority cities formed in the United States between 1990 and 2010. Why did these cities form in Black, Hispanic, Asian, Native-American majority and other non-White communities? Do these cities form to escape annexation, improve services, and control land use, as most new cities do? Or are other factors at play, such as race and social justice? Using a detailed content analysis, we explore the genesis of newly incorporated municipalities in non-White communities. Our findings reveal that while most majority-minority cities form due to standard stimuli, some majority-minority cities form in direct response to racism (rebound incorporations, environmental racism, and under-provision of services). Moreover, when compared to all new cities, majority-minority cities form more often due to nuisances and less often due to annexation threats and growth control, thus illuminating the role institutional racism plays in municipal incorporation.