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作者

Swaib Semiyaga;Gilbert Bamuhimbise;Sheilla C. Apio;Joel R. Kinobe;Allan Nkurunziza;Najib B. Lukooya;Robinah Kulabako

来源

HABITAT INTERNATIONAL,Vol.125,P.102596

语言

英文

关键字

作者单位

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda;Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda;Public Health and Environment, Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA), P.O. Box 7010, Kampala, Uganda;Hub – Africa, A Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) initiative by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, P.O. Box 5941, Dakar, Senegal;MEIR Engineering & Research Ltd, P.O. Box 3701, Kampala, Uganda;Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda;Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda;Public Health and Environment, Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA), P.O. Box 7010, Kampala, Uganda;Hub – Africa, A Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) initiative by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, P.O. Box 5941, Dakar, Senegal;MEIR Engineering & Research Ltd, P.O. Box 3701, Kampala, Uganda;Department of Real Estate and Construction, Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium;School of Spatial Planning and Design, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China;Center for Real Estate Studying, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China;Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China;Department of Building and Real Estate, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;School of Public Administration, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou, 310018, China;Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China;Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;School of Government, Peking University, Beijing, China;School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China;Business School, Shenzhen Technology University, China;Federation Business School, Federation University, Australia;School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, China;Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Natural Resources, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, China;Natural Resources Research Center, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, China;School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Avenue, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210037, China

摘要

Over 90% of the population in Kampala Informal settlements is served by onsite sanitation facilities (septic tanks and pit latrines). These fill up fast, leaving emptying as the most viable option for their sustained reuse. This study fills the gap for the limited information about different emptying technologies suitable for informal settlements and limitations they face while carrying out operations. The study compared adequacy of vacuum and non-vacuum emptying technologies used in informal settlements of Kampala. 111 questionnaires (78 for vacuum and 33 for non-vacuum) were administered to obtain data about faecal sludge (FS) source and time estimates, while an additional 37 samples were used in characterising emptied FS. The results showed that FS emptied by vacuum trucks was 43.6% from lined pits, of which 28.2% are from informal settlements. 56.4% is emptied from septic tanks by vacuum technology, where informal settlements contribute 12.8%. FS emptied by non-vacuum technologies was 9.1% from lined pit latrines, 30.3% septic tanks and 60.6% unlined pit latrines (42.4% from informal settlements). Vacuum trucks of capacity 3.6 m3 were the mostly used in informal settlements, while large vacuum trucks (7.2–14 m3) exclusively operated outside informal settlements. The most critical event is the time spent during containment emptying, where non-vacuum can take up to 3 h and less than an hour for vacuum technologies. Such longer emptying times by non-vacuum technologies can be reduced through enforcing minimum standards of containment facilities and preventing dumping of solid wastes in pits. In addition, there is a need to sanction non-compliant operators in observation of PPEs and SOPs in order to improve their safety.