Examination of the acute heart rate and salivary cortisol response to a single bout of walking in urban and green environments: A pilot study

《Examination of the acute heart rate and salivary cortisol response to a single bout of walking in urban and green environments: A pilot study》

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作者: Jenny Veitch;Anna Timperio;Jo Salmon;Sarah J. Hall;Gavin Abbott;Elliott P. Flowers;Anne I. Turner

来源: URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING,Vol.74,Issue1,Article 127660

语言: 英文

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作者单位: Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia;Victoria University, Institute for Health and Sport, Melbourne, Australia;Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia;Victoria University, Institute for Health and Sport, Melbourne, Australia;Ironwood Urban Forestry Consulting Inc., 570 Wardlaw Ave., Winnipeg R3L 0M2, Manitoba, Canada;School for Resource and Environmental Studies, 6100 University Ave, Halifax B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada;UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Australia;School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia;School of Social Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia;Person-Environment-Activity Research Laboratory, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, UK;Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1, Via C. Colombo 112, 00147 Rome, Italy;ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain;CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain;Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain;Short communication"}]},{"#name":"title","$":{"id":"tit0005"},"_":"Characterizing green and gray space exposure for epidemiological studies: Moving from 2D to 3D indicators"}],"floats":[],"footnotes":[],"attachments":[]},"openArchive":false,"openAccess":false,"document-subtype":"sco","content-family":"serial","contentType":"JL","abstract":{"$$":[{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"sect0005"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Abstract"},{"$$":[{"$":{"view":"all","id":"sp0030"},"#name":"simple-para","_":"The presence of green spaces has been associated with improved physical health and better mental health and wellbeing. In contrast, the presence of gray features including build-up areas might have a negative impact on the health and wellbeing of citizens. To date, the available evidence on the health effects of green and gray spaces have mainly relied on 2-dimensional (2D) indicators of these spaces such as land use maps or, more recently, satellite derived indices (e.g., green space indices such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) or gray space indices such as imperviousness). Although they are acceptable proxies of these exposures, 2D indicators could have inaccuracies when characterizing diverse set of vegetation types in combination with different types of gray spaces, which is typical of urban environments. To overcome this gap, we developed a set of three-dimensional (3D) indicators derived mainly from airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) acquired in 2008 and 2010 over the metropolitan area of Rome (Italy). In particular, we extracted volume of green features such as shrubs and trees (Green volume [m3/ha]), volume of buildings (Gray volume[m3/ha]), a novel index called Normalized Difference Green-Gray Volume index (NDGG) as well as indicators of the tree count. We compared the 3D indicators with two widely used 2D indicators for characterizing green and gray spaces (i.e., NDVI and imperviousness) in different buffers around 79140 address points in the city. For the green indicators, we found that the Pearson correlations between NDVI and Green Volume were 0.47 (50 m buffer) and 0.33 (300 m buffer) while the correlations between NDVI and number of trees were 0.56 (50 m buffer) and 0.58 (300 m buffer). For gray indicators, the correlations between imperviousness and gray volume were 0.62 (50 m buffer) and 0.79 (300 m buffer). For NDGG, the correlations were higher with both NDVI (0.76 and 0.83 for 50 m and 300 m buffers) and imperviousness (−0.75 and −0.83 for 50 m and 300 m buffers). Our results showed that the use of 3D indicators can have potential benefits, especially regarding green features which can be highly heterogeneous in complex urban landscapes such as the city of Rome."}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"abs0010"},"#name":"abstract-sec"}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"ab0010","class":"author"},"#name":"abstract"}],"$":{"xmlns:ce":true,"xmlns:dm":true,"xmlns:sb":true},"#name":"abstracts"},"pdf":{"urlType":"download","url":"/science/article/pii/S1618866722001108/pdfft?md5=f9bbf725b3bf559d06aed32ceca8cbbe&pid=1-s2.0-S1618866722001108-main.pdf"},"iss-first":"","vol-first":"72","isThirdParty":false,"issn-primary-unformatted":"16188667","issn-primary-formatted":"1618-8667"},{"pii":"S1618866722001613","journalTitle":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","publicationYear":"2022","volumeSupText":"Volume 74","articleNumber":"127618","pageRange":"127618","trace-token":"AAAAQL38WiyCJeSn3MhPRsMytReOLl2vtfpepMPEUmXp_kt_0V7ptv3octjfaRxaJC-G9IzMbfabusLdLxxoO2bXfsOUfCzWu7pVmlSz7elCMeVLqf_mfQ","authors":{"content":[{"#name":"author-group","$":{"id":"ag0005"},"$$":[{"#name":"author","$":{"id":"au0005","author-id":"S1618866722001613-64c0066db7b69f4121d43a2cfaf1a4b8"},"$$":[{"#name":"given-name","_":"Marta;Politecnico di Torino, Interuniversity Department of Regional and Urban Studies and Planning (DIST), Viale Mattioli 39, 10125 Torino, Italy;Queensland University of Technology (QUT), QUT Design Lab, Brisbane, Australia;Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Digital Media Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia;Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan;Department of Leisure Industry and Health Promotion, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112, Taiwan;National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States;Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden;Center for Ecology and Conservation Sciences CESCO (CNRS, MNHN, SU), National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France;Short communication"}]},{"#name":"title","$":{"id":"tit0005"},"_":"Science fiction blockbuster movies – A problem or a path to urban greenery?"}],"floats":[],"footnotes":[],"attachments":[]},"openArchive":false,"openAccess":true,"document-subtype":"sco","content-family":"serial","contentType":"JL","abstract":{"$$":[{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"sect0005"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Abstract"},{"$$":[{"$":{"view":"all","id":"sp0010"},"#name":"simple-para","_":"Urban greenery in cities is important for human health, for resilient and sustainable cities, and for flora and fauna. The importance of urban greenery is highlighted in numerous global, national and local policies. However, the rapid increase of urban sprawl and densification globally has reduced access, availability and quality of urban greenery. According to the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), cities “do not know how to incorporate nature and nature contribution to people into city planning”. Perhaps this limitation is because urban planners, architects, landscape architects (urban designers) and urban ecologist (nature conservationist) view nature in cities differently. In addition, few studies on cities focus on nature and ecology. In this paper, we highlight the need to develop new designs and nature conservation approaches that promote biodiversity in cities. Science fiction (SF) and science have a history of inspiring each other and inspiring innovative solutions. For example, SF blockbusters have affected people’s engagement in climate change. Here, we evaluate how 44 of the most viewed American SF movies depict nature in cities, including diversity of species and how characters interact with nature. We reveal that these movies tend to ignore nature in their depictions of future cities. If nature is depicted in SF it is very similar to contemporary cities with monoculture lawns and ornamental gardens. Moreover, SF movies do not depict innovative ways of including nature in cityscapes, they illustrate unrealistic settings without basic ecological functions (e.g., pollinators), and their characters do not interact with nature when nature is depicted or only frame the scene as a façade. We suggest that urban designers, urban ecologists, and SF artists collaborate to imagine how to integrate nature and biodiversity into the depictions of future cities, a strategy that could help change norms about urban greenery."}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"abs0010"},"#name":"abstract-sec"}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"ab0010","class":"author"},"#name":"abstract"},{"$$":[{"$":{"id":"sect0010"},"#name":"section-title","_":"Highlights"},{"$$":[{"$$":[{"$$":[{"$$":[{"#name":"label","_":"•"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"p0005"},"#name":"para","_":"Different world views of urban biodiversity between ecologists and designers."}],"$":{"id":"u0005"},"#name":"list-item"},{"$$":[{"#name":"label","_":"•"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"p0010"},"#name":"para","_":"Nature in cities reviewed in 44 American Science fiction blockbuster movies."}],"$":{"id":"u0010"},"#name":"list-item"},{"$$":[{"#name":"label","_":"•"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"p0015"},"#name":"para","_":"New creative ways forward to hinder a continuous loss of urban biodiversity."}],"$":{"id":"u0015"},"#name":"list-item"},{"$$":[{"#name":"label","_":"•"},{"$":{"view":"all","id":"p0020"},"#name":"para","_":"Need of a dialogue between urban designers, urban ecologists, and artists."}],"$":{"id":"u0020"},"#name":"list-item"}],"$":{"id":"li0005"},"#name":"list"}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"sp0015"},"#name":"simple-para"}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"abs0015"},"#name":"abstract-sec"}],"$":{"view":"all","id":"ab0015","class":"author-highlights"},"#name":"abstract"}],"$":{"xmlns:ce":true,"xmlns:dm":true,"xmlns:sb":true},"#name":"abstracts"},"pdf":{"urlType":"download","url":"/science/article/pii/S1618866722002047/pdfft?md5=9af76f7f719e30df42731869a4101239&pid=1-s2.0-S1618866722002047-main.pdf"},"iss-first":"","vol-first":"74","isThirdParty":false,"issn-primary-unformatted":"16188667","issn-primary-formatted":"1618-8667"}]},"references":{"content":[{"#name":"bibliography","$":{"xmlns:ce":true,"xmlns:aep":true,"xmlns:mml":true,"xmlns:xs":true,"xmlns:xlink":true,"xmlns:xocs":true,"xmlns:tb":true,"xmlns:xsi":true,"xmlns:cals":true,"xmlns:sb":true,"xmlns:sa":true,"xmlns:ja":true,"xmlns":true,"id":"bibliog0005","view":"all"},"$$":[{"#name":"section-title","$":{"id":"sect0145"},"_":"References

摘要: BackgroundRegular physical activity can help prevent noncommunicable diseases, and improve mental health, quality of life, and well-being. ‘Green exercise’ is physical activity performed in natural settings such as parks and open green spaces. It is important to understand whether green exercise can provide additional physiological benefits over and above those of physical activity in urban environments. This pilot study compared the acute effects of a 30-min walk in a green environment to a 30-min walk in urban streets on adults’ heart rate and salivary cortisol.