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作者

来源

CITIES,Vol.85,P.170-186

语言

英文

关键字

Urban transformations; Urban form; Land use planning; Neighborhood; Istanbul; Cairo; Tehran; COMPACT CITY; SPRAWL; MORPHOLOGY; MODEL

作者单位

[Masoumi, Houshmand E.] Tech Univ Berlin, Ctr Technol & Soc, Berlin, Germany. [Terzi, Fatih] Istanbul Tech Univ, Fac Architecture, Dept Urban & Reg Planning, Istanbul, Turkey. [Serag, Yehya M.] Future Univ Egypt, Fac Engn & Technol, Architectural Engn Dept, New Cairo, Egypt. [Serag, Yehya M.] Ain Shams Univ, Fac Engn, Urban Planning Dept, Cairo, Egypt. Masoumi, HE (reprint author), Tech Univ Berlin, Ctr Technol & Soc, Berlin, Germany. E-Mail: masoumi@ztg.tu-berlin.de

标签

城市形态,土地利用 | 其他

摘要

The micro-level urban morphology of large cities in the Middle East and North Africa and southeastern Europe has not been thoroughly investigated, and its transformation during the past decades has remained less-studied. Hence, this study is meant to partially explain urban morphology of Istanbul, Cairo, and Tehran, three megacities of the region by focusing on the historical neighborhood typologies of the past century. The overall aim of this study is to address the feedbacks of historical urban transformations during the past 100 or 150 years to some important aspects of livability like mobility and social interactions. The objectives are to define the typologies of neighborhoods in the three cities and how they have changed over time, to clarify if the neighborhood-level urban form of the three cities have transformed in a similar fashion, and to address the differences between the cities. The variables of this study were population density, centrality, formation and location of facilities, and configuration of street networks, which were tested by T and Chi-square methods in a representative sample of 259 neighborhoods randomly selected from the case-study cities. The results of statistical hypothesis testing reveal a similarity of neighborhood transformations in the cities in terms of population density. Considerable similarities were found in case of historical changes in centrality (the centeredness of neighborhood amenities), location of neighborhood facilities, and street networks; however, the three cities have general similarities in trends, with potentially similar results for urban mobility. The most important identified planning, political, and societal trends that transformed the neighborhood morphologies were top-down interventions in the 1930s and 1940s, socioeconomic and lifestyle changes in the 1970s because of a jump in oil prices, Iran's 1979 revolution, the Iran-Iraq War for Tehran, internal migration triggered by industrialization, mass and formal housing production for Istanbul, and European inspiration in urban planning in the late 19th century, adoption of socialist ideologies in the 1960s, and the capitalist approach to urban planning in recent years for Cairo. 中东、北非和欧洲东南部大城市的微观城市形态尚未得到深入的研究，对其近几十年来的变迁研究也较少。因此，此项研究旨在通过对过去一个世纪的历史街区类型学的关注，部分解释了伊斯坦布尔、开罗和德黑兰这三个地区的城市形态。此项研究的总体目标是为了对过去100年或150年城市的历史变迁对宜居性、流动性和社会互动等一些重要方面作出反馈。我们的目标是定义这三个城市的街区类型，以及它们是如何随着时间的推移而改变的，以阐释这三个城市的街区层面的城市形态是否以类似的方式发生了变迁，并指出了这些城市之间的差异。此项研究的变量为人口密度、集中度、设施的形成和位置，以及街道网络的配置，这些变量都是采用T和卡方法对随机选取的259个具有代表性的街区样本进行检验的。统计假设检验的结果表明，在人口密度方面，城市的街区变迁具有相似性。在集中度(街区设施的中心)、街区设施的位置和街道网络的历史变迁方面，我们也发现了相当多的相似之处；然而，这三个城市具有大致相似的趋势，在城市流动性方面也产生了基本相似的结果。形成这种街区形态的最重要的和已确定的规划、政治和社会趋势是1930年代和1940年代以来自上而下的政府干预，以及1970年代因油价暴涨所导致的社会经济和人们生活方式的改变。就德黑兰的个案而言，影响因素包括1979年的伊朗革命和两伊战争；就伊斯坦布尔的个案而言，影响因素包括由工业化和大规模建房所引发的人口流动；就开罗的个案而言，影响因素包括19世纪末接受的欧洲城市规划灵感；1960年代接受的社会主义思想，以及近年来接受的西方城市规划思想。